Listen to the episode here.

The stories we tell here at Unhinged History are predictable, and today offers no variation from the trend.

Theresa begins by telling the story of Elijah Parish Lovejoy. This abolitionist would believe two things in this life: that slavery is wrong, and as a journalist, he had the freedom of speech. These convictions would result in four printing presses getting destroyed by mobs and him getting shot five times.

Angie, while struggling to segue, transitions to Adrian Carton de Wiart, the unkillable soldier. This man joined countless conflicts, lost an eye and a hand, was shot countless times, survived five plane crashes, and still died of old age.

This episode pairs well with:
Senator Charles Sumner
Mad Jack Churchill
Paddy Mayne part 1
Paddy Mayne part 2
Paddy Mayne part 3

Transcript

Theresa: Hi and welcome to the Unhinged History Podcast. The podcast where two friends who didn’t know each other until they started sending each other unhinged history memes, joined forces and started learning the stories behind those memes and proceed to tell them weekly. I’m host one, I’m Teresa and that is host two. I’m Angie. 

Angie: Well done. We did it. That was a great intro. Thank you. We should try to do it again next time. No. 

Theresa: We make no promises. We’ve been at this for a minute. Expect it. Yeah. 

Theresa: If you tuned in for any length of time, you know that we’re not going to change. Nope. God bless. That’s why we like each other. Off air, Angie and I were talking. She’s got a whopper of a tail and I have one that ends on it. 

Kind of note. So even though technically it’s Angie’s turn to go first, I’m going to jump in just so I can make sure we don’t head into this weekend. Really questioning our life choices and thinking about it. At least not because of us. Yeah, no. That’s your own reasons. Don’t let us stand in the way between how your parents and priests are let down. But on that note, I’m going to jump in. I’m going to tell you the story of Elijah Parish Lovejoy. 

Angie: Okay. I can’t say this name rings a bell off the top of my head. So I’m excited. Fabulous. 

Theresa: I’ve got a list of sources. They are the Human Trafficking Institute on the State of History, abolitionist Elijah Lovejoy killed by a pro mob. Nope. Killed by a pro slavery mob by Molly Wicker. Color Conventions Project. Henry Highland Garnett’s addressed the slaves and its colored conventions origin. The murder of Elijah P. Lovejoy. 

Journal of a lot or journal of Illinois State Historical Society 1998 volume 108 number two summer 2015 Elijah P. Lovejoy anti Catholic abolitionist by John A. Dwork. Almost done. I lied. 

I’m halfway. Distilled history Elijah Parish Lovejoy Part One by Cameron Collins. Law and history review volume 24 number three. Law and the law and mob law in attacks on anti slavery newspapers from 1850 1833 to 1860 by Richard B. Kill Bowett kill Bowett and the president Lincoln Illinois.gov website the murder of abolitionist by Jacob K. Profeld and several podcasts history today number 57. Ken Ellingwood first of all and the new books in the American South Ken Ellingwood first of all Elijah. Jeff Eliza Lovejoy and the fight of the free press in the age of slavery. 

Angie: Wow. So there’s a lot going on just in your sources. Uh huh. Uh huh. 

Theresa: I’ve been at this for a minute. I didn’t technically cite another source which was a book I cited last week but yeah I didn’t necessarily pull from that but it was just like hey by the way you should look into Elijah Lovejoy. 

Okay. So our boy Elijah he’s born November 9th 1802 in Albion, Maine. Now dad is kind of a layman preacher. Mom is uneducated but a stalwart of the faith herself and as our boy Elijah starts to grow up he decides that he’s going to move to the frontier. 

We now know it as the Midwest and he’s going to do this after he graduates from Waterville College. Okay. That was a giggle from you. Was it just weird to think of the frontier in the Midwest? 

Angie: In the same sentence. Yeah. That just made me laugh like the frontier. When I think of the frontier this is just me and it’s probably because I’m California but when I think of the frontier I think of like the West. Uh huh. The West West. I do not think of Minnesota. 

Theresa: Yeah. You’re not thinking of salads that aren’t really salads. 

Angie: Exactly. Yeah. Exactly the words you took them right out of my mouth. Uh huh. 

Theresa: So our man Elijah he’s pretty short on funds because he’s just starting out in life so he walked from Maine to Missouri. Oh that’s a walk. Uh huh. Yeah. Um and yeah I’ve never tried camping my way through a multi-state endeavor. 

Angie: Yeah no I’m good. Yeah. Yeah especially on foot you know like okay I can see driving from state to state. No I’m good. 

Theresa: Yeah no yeah none of this sounds like a good time to me but it was also you know 1800s so these are things. When he gets to Missouri he teaches school for a bit because he’s a college graduate. Viewing far between you know there’s not a ton. So 1929 he’s pretty discontent with life and he becomes the editor and part-time owner of the St. Louis Times. 

Angie: That’s a swing but also I can see it working. 

Theresa: Right now it’s crazy to know that newspapers during this time they’re not quite like how you and I think of newspapers. Most are more mom and pop establishments. Okay. So you might have one editor and a helper. 

That makes sense. Yeah and so then you think about that and then you think about how if you were to grab a random bag of mail on the train. An overwhelming majority of that mail would be newspapers from various parts of the country and they would all go to other newspaper owners who would read them and maybe recycle some of the stories. 

Think of it as like an early associate press. Okay. Okay so that’s kind of what was happening. Okay now when he was growing up you know because parents were pretty you know into the faith he grew up in this Protestant household. He identified with that. He kind of loses his faith in his early adult years. Okay. 

But it’s 1832 and he gets caught up in a bunch of religious revivals that are sweeping across the United States and the frontier territories. Got it. Okay. Now he ends up experiencing a conversion and he writes home about it and he’s pretty pumped and he converts to being a Presbyterian. Oh my. 

But he goes from like Calvinist to frozen chosen. Okay. Mm hmm. Okay. Okay. Now after this happens he sells his stake in the paper and he enrolls in Princeton Theological Seminary in New Jersey. 

Angie: Okay. So we’re just taking a tour. Yeah. 

Theresa: Now two years later there’s a group of St. Louis business when they want to start a newspaper to promote both religious and moral education. Well they recruited Lovejoy to return back to the city. This time they want to be the editor of the St. Louis Observer. 

Okay. Now he’s already gotten ordained as a minister by this point. So it’s kind of weird to think of him as a newspaper editor who’s really reporting with a very religious bend. Yeah. No, that makes sense though. I mean like it makes sense but I just don’t know of any real strong equivalents that we have. Yeah I can’t say. 

Angie: But I can see why that in his case that makes sense why it works and why it would have worked specifically then. Right. 

Theresa: Right. Now as editor he’s got two incredibly strong beliefs and he feels that both of these beliefs really threaten democracy. The first one is he’s staunchly opposed against the Catholic church. Okay. 

He is also vehemently opposed to slavery. Right then. Yep. Now there’s a number of Protestants specifically Presbyterians. They embrace abolition as part of this millennial spirit. Catholics on the whole tend to accept slavery and they reject the abolitionist cost altogether. So this does tell us nicely for him to hate both. Yeah. 

Angie: And it’s not shocking at all when you think about the history of the world. 

Theresa: Yeah, pretty much. Yeah, exactly. And when it was called out I was like, oh yeah I can see this coming fruition. Yeah. Now he ends up getting a couple of pretty strong abolitionist friends. One is a dude named Edward Beecher. He’s the brother of Harriet Beecher Stowe who was the author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin. 

Okay. And Lovejoy becomes more and more radical in his anti-slavery editorials. Like at first when you look at his early writing he’s kind of very conservative, takes the very Princeton conservative bend. And then he becomes more radicalized as time progresses. So you can watch his character arc. Okay. With all of that said, at first he supports African recolonization. And then he would move on to endorse emancipation. Now are you familiar with the term recolonization? 

Angie: This is where essentially we are sending them back to like Nigeria. Yeah, yeah. Okay. 

Theresa: Basically how we founded Liberia. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Okay. Yeah. 

Angie: Now, funny how white people founded it. It’s not there. 

Speaker 5: I know. 

Theresa: Weird. 1835, not 19. That’d be a while. I know, right? This is me not being able to read numbers aloud. Per usual. Our man Elijah, he sanctions abolition in DC then by 37 just two years later. He’s championing immediate universal emancipation. 

I like it. Now this is great, but if you remember immediate emancipation is something we talked about fairly recently in episode 153. We were talking about Antonio Cancelo. And this is, you know, when Brazil pulled this move for immediate emancipation and then suddenly the whole country fell flat on its face because they didn’t have the infrastructure to support. This doesn’t work. Yeah, like they did not create a plan to deal with not having the labor that they had been relying on. 

Angie: I feel like we see this again later. 

Theresa: You know, I mean, hold that thought. Now, so love joy, he’s, he’s doing a ton. You’re not going to accuse him of not doing, not being extra 

Angie: because I don’t think there is a single person in any of our stories that could not be accused of not being extra. You know, yes. Yes. 

Theresa: So he’s living in a state, a slave holding state, and he’s holding these radicalized views and he’s publishing a paper in which he loudly pronounces his thoughts and feelings. 

Angie: Good on him. I see this going very badly, very quickly. 

Theresa: Next line. Love joys, editorials raised local anger. 

Angie: Oh, shocking. 

Theresa: I was right. Yeah, I mean, little did you know now this is despite the fact that they increase the paper’s national circulation. So surprisingly, just because he’s selling a ton of papers nationwide that doesn’t please the locals. 

Weird. Now, there’s a group of local citizens, including a bro named future, the future senator, Thomas Hart Benton, and he declared that freedom of speech did not include the right to speak against slavery. 

Angie: No, freedom of speech includes exactly that. 

Theresa: Well, okay, but see, like up until this point, there hadn’t been a full on definition on what that really means. 

Angie: Oh. And so I still don’t feel like that definition is being clarified. 

Theresa: We’ve had a couple of like Supreme Court rulings like moments. Yeah, like we’ve had moments where we have started to grasp and we’ve set precedence. None of that has happened yet. Right. This makes sense. And so our man, Lovejoy, he’s kind of just going to stand on business because he’s like, it’s written in the, it’s written down in that document. So I’m going to do what I’m going to do. You don’t like it. Kick rocks. Don’t read the paper. 

Angie: There you go. Keep scrolling. 

Theresa: Basically. Now there’s a ton of opposition. It continues to increase. And as it does, he doubles down on his own feelings, not totally because of his beliefs on slavery. Like he believes those things, but he believes more that he should be able to say whatever the hell he wants. Got it. And so a little column A, a little column B. Yeah, you know, whatever works. Right. And I’m pretty sure he’s doubling down on his own thoughts because of the opposition. 

Angie: Well, yeah, you got to stand your ground, man. Exactly. That’s what you said. 

Theresa: He writes his brother a letter and the letters dated November 2nd, 1835. And in it, he writes, I’m accused of being an abolitionist and threatened in the papers of the city, as well as the various places in the state with violence. I expect it. I expect that I’ll be lynched or tarred or feathered or it may be hung up. All are threatened. 

Angie: Well, at least he seems comfortable with his decision. 

Theresa: I mean, like I read it in a very lackadaisical fashion, but that’s how it felt to me. You know, he’s like, yeah. 

Angie: Well, I mean, when you, when you write that letter, you are thinking, in my opinion, you’re not, you don’t, you don’t write it because you’re scared. You write it because that’s what you expect. 

Theresa: Yeah, it’s like, look, it on Tuesday. I’m going to be tarred or feathered. And if I’m not tarred, maybe I’m going to go meet my tree. We’ll see. Huh? Now, April of 1836. This is a pretty dark spot. There’s a free black man whose name Francis McIntosh. He’s involved in the scuffle on the riverfront, St. Louis. It starts when there’s an unreleased sailor who’s attempting to avoid arrest as McIntosh is just standing nearby. Now, everything that follows, it really depends on what source you read. What it boils down to is McIntosh is arrested and taken off the jail. Reasons unclear. 

Okay. That’s, that’s what it all boils down to. He’s captured and charged with a crime in a slave state. And so McIntosh likely determines that his days of freedom, their number, they’re not, he’s not long for this world. As the two men who led him to jail, McIntosh pulled a knife and lunged. One constable is killed and the other seriously injured. 

Angie: Because our lives will give it a go. 

Theresa: Like, best case I escaped, worst case I’m condemned to the fate I’m already condemned to. 

Angie: Yeah. Okay. I can do it. Now, make sense to me. 

Theresa: McIntosh gets captured again. He’s locked back up in jail and news about this spreads just like wildfire. And summer suggests that he should be burned alive. 

Angie: Dang. Yeah. Can’t just go with a regular hanging? 

Theresa: No, because there’s a mob, a large mob that gathers around the jailhouse. There’s over 2000 enraged citizens clamoring for justice. It’s not long before they break down the door and they pull McIntosh from his cell. He’s dragged to the edge of town, chained to a locust tree while wood is piled around him. Good Lord. And this is where I stopped recording what happened because there are very detailed descriptions. Okay. 

Thanks for… Yeah. Now, Elijah Lovejoy, he is absolutely appalled by the series of events. And so he goes on the attack because he’s got a platform. In his next editorial, he harshly condemns the actions of the mob. He’s lamenting the lack of lawful society in St. Louis and proclaimed it to be savage barbarity. 

Angie: Doesn’t sound wrong to me. 

Theresa: No. And then he called for those who participated in the lynching to seek forgiveness. 

Angie: Okay. Oh, right. Because we’re also…theology. 

Theresa: I mean, look, we’re a minister. So, you know, I’m pretty sure he believes that you should repent and also get your lichens as well. I’d say that like I know. I don’t know. But that’s what it feels like. 

Angie: But it sounds that way. Yeah. 

Theresa: So the court convenes to investigate the lynching and there is a judge whose name I cannot make this up is Luke Edward Lawless. Now, Lawless? Lawless. Luke Edward Lawless. So Judge Lawless. 

Love this. He’s a slave owner himself. Of course he is. And he doesn’t have a rough culture in the city. Of course. It’s the frontier. What did you expect? He doesn’t really care. Because why would he? 

Speaker 5: Yeah. So he proceeds to make a speech. 

Theresa: One of the most amazing speeches in the nation’s courts. And he addresses the grand jury and he stated that the death of Francis Macintosh, it’s unlawful. It is tragic. But he tells the grand jury not to indict anyone or hold them guilty of the crime. Because thousands, thousands are involved. And I mean it’s just, there’s just too many to quote Bubba Sparks. He can’t arrest us all. 

Angie: Find the ring leaders doesn’t seem like it would be that difficult. Who was the one who lit the match? 

Theresa: You know you say that but Lawless is quoted in saying the case is quote, beyond the reach of human law, unquote. 

Angie: Well I guess if you’ve got 2,000 people standing around it’s really hard to see who has the match in the first place. Whatever. 

Theresa: Okay. Yeah they’re all blind in one eye. 

Angie: And I heard my mom so I had to turn around. Yep. 

Theresa: So Lawless then goes on to hand out papers of Elijah Lovejoy’s St. Louis Observer. And he hands them to the jury. And he starts reading very specific anti-slavery quotes from Lovejoy’s publication. And then stated that it’s newspapers like Lovejoy’s Observer that fanaticize the Negro and excite him against the white man. 

No words. His last name is something he lives up to. Now by doing so he is just heaping the blame on Lovejoy’s shoulders. 

Yeah it sure looks that way. Then he goes on to ask for action against Lovejoy. Asking the grand jury to consider what could be done about a press that causes quote widespread mischief, unquote. 

Angie: No mischief is what you do when you’re causing fun. He is speaking truth. 

Theresa: And Lawless is inciting violence. In fact. Now apparently as tension continues to ratchet up, Lovejoy never attributes it solely to his position on the slave question. But he does believe that his, and he didn’t believe truly that his abolitionist conventions enrage the people as much as his anti-Catholic rhetoric. So okay. He’s like, you know what? They don’t like the abolitionist side, but they really hate me railing against the papacy. 

Angie: It is always the case, isn’t it? Oh my word. 

Theresa: And he’s like, but it’s super unfortunate that this is really entwined because Judge Lawless, he’s a Catholic. 

Angie: Let’s just say he’s got to be Catholic. Yeah, okay. 

Theresa: So July 21st, 1836, Lovejoy wrote his rebuttal. Go Lovejoy. Because Lovejoy is fighting a war in the press. He asserts that the lynching threatened the integrity and purity of the Constitution, laws and ideals that the country’s built on. Okay. And he argues that the patriot and the Christian could only rally behind justice as opposed to mob, wild mob vengeance. 

Okay. And he describes the spirit of mobism. And I like the word mobism. 

I think that’s a new favorite. And lawlessness and men and communities is breaking over all restraints of law and shame, which show that man is yet a fiend at heart. Okay. 

Angie: Can I just tell you that while you were reading the sources to me and you mentioned Catholics, I really thought we were talking about the mafia. 

Theresa: I mean, okay, like, look, this kind of has that same feel. 

Angie: It does. When you said mob, I’m like, oh, this is going to be interesting. I’ve forgotten mob as in like a mob of people. 

Speaker 5: Yeah. Yeah. Less Tommy Guns and, you know, Tony, you got that protection money. Yeah, exactly. 

Theresa: Now, apparently the night that that final editorial is published, there’s a group of men that kind of group up kind of mob, if you will. And they gather in St. Louis. They’re banging a drum and they’re marching through the streets. Of course we are. I have never been a part of a protest or a riot, particularly one where there is a drum involved. And I feel like we need to up our ante. 

Angie: Yeah, we’re missing out, I think. 

Theresa: Because they have this, this drum, this mob, it grows to over 200 men and they arrive at the front door, Lovejoy’s newspaper just after midnight. Somehow the door is broken and the contents of the building, well, that’s attacked and Lovejoy’s printing press is broken apart and thrown into the Mississippi. 

Cool. So, you know, Lovejoy, he’s a father. He’s a husband. He decides to move his family to the town of Alton just across the Mississippi River in the free state of Illinois. And he’s like, I’m going to move here. I’m going to write without fear. 

Angie: Okay, yeah, but maybe we should move slightly further away because I feel like this is going to go south real quick. 

Speaker 5: Angie, it’s like I told you 157 of these stories previous. 

Theresa: I have no sense of foreshadow at all. No. 

Theresa: Theresa, your stories follow a very predictable pattern. We are continuing to send them that this. 

Angie: And so spiral continues. 

Theresa: Now, he’s now that he’s out of the. The harmed way, if you will, and the city’s pro slavery residents. He really thinks that Alton Illinois is going to be so much safer. And while there, he meets with the people of Alton and he assures them that, you know, when he operates the Alton observer, he’s going to dedicate less space to the subject of slavery now that he’s in a free state. Like we don’t even need to argue it so much, so much because we’re already in agreement. It doesn’t exist here. 

Angie: I mean, I’ll do a little bit, but I’m not going to go as hard 

Angie: because of because why do I have to go hard when my readers are already. Free slavery like that makes sense. Yeah. Okay. 

Theresa: Now, it’s in his first issue that he insisted the instance of slavery is quote, an awful evil and sin. We’re starting off strong and apparently he just basically despite his assurances double down on his bullshit, which I. Good for him. It’s said to be like one of the author says the paper only became more anti slavery. Shocking. 

Thank you that coming. Yeah, no, even though he eliminated the free state, it’s still not a friendly place for abolitionists. And this is something I didn’t fully wrap my mind around because as a modern reader, I read this and think, well, slavery is bad abolitionists are good. So all the good people are abolitionists. 

Okay. So even though Illinois is a free state, there is a ton of effort put into squashing all conversation on slavery. Regardless of where you live. The pro slavery people want less conversation about it. So it’s not even on the table. It’s not up for discussion. And okay, people in free states want to push it under the rug. Right. 

Angie: It’s not a problem here. Forget about it. Like, but it’s just, you know, we don’t. 

Theresa: I mean, yeah, like so everyone is just trying to not impolite society, not at the table, not for the general. 

Angie: You said you wouldn’t speak about it at dinner. Right. My mother’s here. 

Theresa: What will sister Brenda think of us if we continue to talk like this? The scandal. Exactly. So that’s kind of what’s happening. Now. It was weird, right? Because this is happening even though most Illinoisans believe that abolitionism is a form of New England extremism. So that’s really part and parcel. Like the, the Illinoisans are like, that’s just some crazy New England liberal BS or whatever. 

Angie: You that sounds familiar. Right. 

Theresa: Like, so it’s just, yeah. We’re, we’re nothing if not consistent. Now, 1837, the Illinois General Assembly even denounces abolitionism. Okay. Yeah. And this is where Abraham Lincoln is one of only six dissenters to the resolution. 

Angie: Holy cow. I forgot Lincoln was involved and we’re in his state. 

Theresa: Yes. Yep. Yep. Okay. Now, like I did a lot to avoid talking a ton about Lincoln because I feel like Lincoln’s view on slavery is more nuanced and complicated than we learned about in elementary school. I think you’re a hundred percent right. And I didn’t, I didn’t want to like sidestep and do an entire episode about Lincoln because I would need multiple episodes and I, it’s not about Lincoln. Right. 

Angie: No, a hundred percent. I just totally forgot that like that’s where he was from and all of a sudden I’m like, oh my God, yeah, Lincoln’s alive right now. Yep. 

Theresa: Now, back to our boy Lovejoy. His perning press gets shipped to Alton. However, it arrives at the dock and a group of local thugs smash it to bits. 

Angie: Cool. Because you should have kept it at the bottom of the Mississippi. Well, that was the first one. Now this is the second. Oh. Right. Okay. 

Theresa: Now a group of local citizens, they raise money for a new press and Lovejoy publishes successfully for yet another year. Okay. So he continues to double down on what he’s thinking on and then on July 6th, 1837, he publishes another editorial condemning the practice. His press is destroyed again later that night as well as a replacement that he had. 

Angie: So he had a backup for his backup and they were both destroyed. 

Theresa: Well, I have a feeling like he had one and then a backup and then the one was destroyed. Like so he’s just cycling through. Our boy is hemorrhaging printing presses. They’ll sound that way. 

The printing press machine company just kind of has an open tab for our boy. Yeah. Okay. 

Okay. Now he’s built in sensing the importance of his work as well as the accompanying danger. And so he organizes a militia to secretly buy and install another one. I mean, what are you doing tonight? 

Angie: I have to go install a printing press on the secret because well, hmm. 

Theresa: Baby, why are you putting on your balaclava? You’re a printing color. 

Angie: Total side note, but my son has a balaclava for underneath his helmet, right? Or period’s a misman youth. 

Theresa: I get it. He’s a young man. Yeah. Records are going to be exposed anyhow. Might as well live it up. Exactly. 

Angie: And the last time he wore it was to a Nerf gun battle that we hosted and he cannot fight it. But when he comes to me to say, not mom, can you help me find my balaclava? It was mom, do you know where my shiesty is? Shiesty? Shiesty. 

That’s what the youths call them these days. And I looked to him and said, are you aware that you are in fact white? He was like, no, that’s what we call him. And I was like, cool. Okay. All right. I’ll help you find your shiesty then, which he never did get out. He never did find it. 

Theresa: You know, that’s always my excuse to be like, well, I bet if your room is clean, you would know where whatever you’re looking for is. 

Angie: I told him exactly where it’s at. He just never dug it out. 

Theresa: Oh, no, see, I make my kids start in one position. Like, what’s the dirtiest area? Start cleaning here and keep moving to the right. Oh, I like that. You’ll find it eventually. Or if not, everything will be clean. Either way, it’s a win for you. Either way, it’s a win for me. You’re not complaining about your lost things and I’m not having to stare at your detritus all over them. 

Angie: Anyhow, now, sorry. 

Angie: Sorry to take us on that bunny trail. 

Theresa: Balaclava is on and dawned. The violence continues to escalate. It’s November of 37. There’s a mob that forms at the site, the arrival site of the Missouri Fulton. It’s the steamboat carrying our man’s press. When this last press arrives on November 7, lovejoy is ready to defend it. 

Angie: I’m sorry. That is hilarious. We have all the things to defend. A printer. 

Theresa: Basically a printer. Right? It’s a printing press, but it’s a printer. Yeah. I’ve never wanted to go toe to toe for something. I fight for paper jams and crying for toner. 

Angie: I’ve never wanted to go toe to toe with something. I’d rather throw out the window. 

Theresa: Meanwhile, the mob ready to throw out the window, they’re ready. They’ve formed at the warehouse where the press is being stored and one of the writers climbs a ladder and tried to light the roof on fire. Lovejoy emerges from the warehouse and shot at the man. 

He misses, but gunfire rings out from the mob and lovejoy is shot five times and killed. Over a printing press. Over a printing press. He’s buried November 9th. 

It’s his 35th birthday and two days after his assassination on November 7. Throughout the North and West, membership of the anti-slavery societies increases dramatically following it. Okay. So there’s, he’s a martyr. 

Angie: That works. 

Theresa: It’s funny you say that because John Quincy Adams calls him the first martyr to the freedom of the press and the freedom of the slave. Oh, that’ll get you. Yeah. Many historians point to his death as the primary catalyst to fight against slavery. 

History also remembers Lovejoy as the defender of the First Amendment freedom of the press, which he’s remembered as the first of more than 2,200 names of Washington D.C.’s Newseum Journalist Memorial. Wow. I didn’t know that was a thing. 

I didn’t either, but I got to learn a bunch of really cool things. In 1837, officials in Illinois made a little comment about Lovejoy’s death with one notable exception. There is a 28 year old state representative. named Abraham Lincoln who stated publicly, let every man remember that to violate the laws to trample on the blood of his father and to tear the charter of his town and his children’s liberty, let reverence for the laws be breathed in every American mother. In short, let it become the political religion of the nation. Ooh. 

Angie: Dang. Bro was 28. 

Angie: It’s not hard to see how he won his presidency, if that’s what he’s saying at 28. No kidding. 

Theresa: Now, two years after Lovejoy’s death, just before becoming president, Lincoln wrote to his friend, the Reverend James Lemon reflecting on, quote, Lovejoy’s tragic death for freedom in every sense, marked his sad ending as the most important single event that ever happened in the New World. Wow. 

Which I mean like big fields. Now, he goes on to say, the madness and pitiless determination with which the mob steadily pursued Lovejoy to his doom marks it as one of the most unreasoning and unreasonable in all time, except that which the doomed savior to the cross. Okay. So very polarizing Lovejoy was. And this is something that I don’t feel we truly covered, you know, growing up. Yeah. 

Angie: You know, I can’t say I ever heard his name. 

Theresa: Two months after the mob in Alton and Lovejoy’s death and the destruction of his fourth printing press, the jury acquitted several assailants accused of rioting. By the time the trials commenced in January of 1838, the defense, the defense had all been publicly aired and rehearsed to the point that it was nuts. There’s well attended meetings that happened long before the attack occurred. The mob leaders had taken special care over several months to really lay a strong legal foundation for their action. Most notably, the attorney general of Illinois led the pre-attack rhetorical justification and the post-attack courtroom defense. And in the end, the jury found that resorting to forcible measures in such circumstances did not fall outside the law. Are you kidding me? Yep. 

Angie: Wow. Yep. Yep. Wow, okay. 

Theresa: And that is the story of the tragic death of Elijah Lovejoy. That’s… Well, okay. Man stood on business. Uh-huh. That he did. Yeah, I can appreciate that. 

Angie: Wow, I once again have no idea how to just segue. 

Theresa: I mean, look, I am very consistent. 

Angie: You’re so good at this. All right, well, we’re gonna… I guess we’re just gonna fast forward through history for just a little bit. I’m gonna start with my sources. Let’s go, that seems like a place to start. Just… Peter Crunchley, Crunchley, writing for BBC News in January of 2015, has an article called, Adrian Carton Dwyer, the Unkillable Soldier. The Imperial War Museum. I’m only citing this as a source because I love the Imperial War Museum and because the art is fantastic, has his portrait on their website. Samantha Franco, who we have heard from before, writing in an article for War History Online in May of 22, writes, Adrian Carton Dwyer to the Unkillable Soldier, who frankly enjoyed the war. 

And a really great YouTube video by Biographics, the most badass soldier of all time and a real life action hero. So I am fully into my January shit. And then the month is almost over. Our man, I love every word of the story. I just need you to know, I have been cackling for a week. Our man, he’s born into a family from Brussels of the aristocracy on May 5th of 1880. 

So, you know, just like 40 years after. He is the son of Leon Constant Deslaine Carton Dwyer, who is, excuse me, and his wife, Ernestine Wynzig. She is of Irish descent. And that seems to be important, but anyway. Okay, so Pop is Belgian. What a random thing to be like. 

Theresa: It’s important, but moving on, like what? 

Angie: Well, because it is funny how often it’s mentioned like it’s relevant because he is Belgian, but he serves in the British military. So like, I think for him having an Irish ancestor is like sort of what helped him get there, right? Okay, now, dad’s a lawyer and a magistrate. And when he six, mom, she leaves. Early biographers thought that initially his mother had died, but it was later figured out that in 1886 his parents had divorced. But either way, our guy has spent his younger years in both Belgium and England. And for just a sidebar of scandal, it was widely believed like at the time, like in rumor mill circles that he was the illegitimate son of King Leopold II. Okay, like this is just a fact about his life that he just knows, just a fun little rumor that spread that he seems fine with hearing. He’s like whatever, I guess, maybe you can say that, do your thing, because his family does travel in these, very well connected royal circles, okay? 

Theresa: And he does have a very particular note that you’re gonna tell me. 

Angie: You know, I’m gonna show you his picture later. I considered starting with his picture, but I decided that just telling his story and then showing you his picture would be better, but I can’t say his nose is very King Leopold II. But anyway, so mom, like I said, at the age of six, mom leaves and his father decides he’s gonna move the family to Cairo where dad can practice law at Egypt’s mixed court. Now, while dad’s in Cairo, he serves as a lawyer and a magistrate and the director of the Cairo Electric Railways and Helioblast Oasis Companies. And this makes him very well connected in the Egyptian like governmental circles, right? Now, somewhere around this time, our guy, he learns to speak Arabic, which I think is kind of cool. 

Like just as a kid, he’s the best of two ways. I only know what his wife is. Right? Exactly. Now, dad does remarry, he remarries to an English woman and the Carton de Wires, they’re a Roman Catholic family and it’s decided in 1891 when our guy’s about 11 that he would be sent to an English boarding school, the Roman Catholic Oratory School, because you know, it’s Catholic. And then from there, he would head to Oxford. 

But around 1899-ish, he leaves because he is rather bored of law school as one rich gentleman is bound to the ice pose. And he also sees that the beginning of the Second Boer War is afoot, so he really wants to join the British Army. So, he falsifies his name and age, signing up simply as Trooper Carton and he gets assigned to pageant source and claims to be 25 years old when he couldn’t have been more than 20, tops. Now, one source also says that he likely falsified his dad’s permission as if it were a field trip so that he could go. 

Now, because he’s not actually a British subject, they may have tried to stop him from joining on those ground, but he said something to the effect of if the British didn’t fancy me, I would offer myself to the Boers because as he said, war was in his blood. 

Theresa: So, he’s just in it to win it. He doesn’t care what side. 

Angie: Yeah, no, not at this point. He is just looking for a fist fight, you know? So, he leaves for Africa with pageant’s horse and pageant’s horse is like an elite imperial human outfit. 

Theresa: So, wait, wait, he basically joined special forces as a child, like 20. 20, yeah. 

Angie: Now, while fighting in the Second Boer War, he is shot in the stomach and the groin and is forced to return to England to recover. When asked if there were many of the enemy around at the time of the attack, like the time of his injuries, he says, no, but the few who were were very good shots. 

Yeah. Now, dear old dad, he is none too happy to discover that his son was in fact not at university and is wounded no less. Surprise! Hi, Pop, I’m home, but he allows him to remain in the army. And he does a little bit more time at Oxford, but peaceful life is not the life for him and he is bored to tears. So, he happily pays his way back to South Africa, arriving with exactly one pound left in his pocket. 

So, he has made it, but he is now officially broke. This is the point at which he is commissioned into the Second Imperial Light Horse. And almost as soon as he’s commissioned, he gets promoted to corporal, but within 24 hours is demoted of that promotion for threatening to hit a superior. 

Theresa: Yeah, bosses typically don’t appreciate that move. 

Angie: Typically not, no. But he would be given a regular commission as a second lieutenant with the four Stregun guards. One source suggests that he may have bought that promotion to the second lieutenant, which I think is hilarious. With the remaining pound? 

I have no idea how. I’m sure, okay, so in his second attempt at the military, dad did, like he did approve of it. So, he is not hurting for Cash. I’m sure he can just ride a letter home and dad’s gonna mail more, but when he arrived back, he was broke. I’m unclear that I didn’t know you could buy your promotion, 

Theresa: but it’s possible that’s what he did. That’s how they did it back in the old days. 

Angie: Yeah, I mean, it sort of makes sense. I just didn’t, like it never really clicked into my head, but it works the same as like the whole nepotism anyway, right, like it’s the exact opposite of getting your son a desk job. You can buy your son a promotion. 

Theresa: Right, well, I mean, if you buy him a high enough rank, then you know he’s safe because he’s not on the front line. He’s not the cannon fodder. 

Angie: But our guy, no, he’s all about the front line. He would get promoted to lieutenant on July 4th, excuse me, July 16th, 1904. And then he would be appointed an aide-de-camp to the commander-in-chief, lieutenant general Sir Henry Hilliard the following July. 

Now, during this time, his duties are super light and that gives him time to do things like play polo and other sporting things. At some point, the sources aren’t real clear here on the timeline, but by the end of the Second World War, he had applied to go to British Somaliland to hunt this man called Muhammad Ben Abdullah. But instead, at least at this point, he is sent to India where he would be bored again, but find a great love for something called pig sticking. Pig sticking? Pig sticking is this hunting sport where you on horseback with like a large, what I could only, like a staff, like a spear. Okay. You chase the boar and you stab it. Like that’s my… 

Theresa: So like playing matador on horseback, but with a pig? 

Angie: Yeah, yeah, yeah, but that’s actually perfect. During one of these hunts, he falls off this horse and the horse falls on him and he cracks several ribs and an ankle. While he’s in recovery, he has an argument with a servant and he pleads him with, like, tilts him with stones and then he shoots him in the butt. 

Theresa: That’s not a good boss. So he’s an awful employee and an awful employer. 

Angie: It sounds like it, right? His commanders are not real pleased with this outburst, so he’s jailed, but he’s not demoted. And then he’s transferred back to South Africa by 1904. According to him, he says, good riddance India. He was never a big fan. 

So to say the least, the transfer’s cool with him. By 1907, he had served in the British Army for eight years, but was still a Belgian subject. So on September 13th, he took the oath of allegiance to Edward VII and was formerly a member of the British Commonwealth. In 1908, he was returned to England where, again, his duties were light, which allowed him time to travel and cause young man problems, you know, drinking, gambling, that sort of thing. 

Womanizing. Yeah, but he’s a big fan of the area of Austria-Hungary. He loves to hunt and there’s some really great hunting there, so he’s served going there a lot. And there he meets a Austrian Countess called, are you ready for this? Frederica Maria Caroline Henry, Rosa Sabina, Francesca Fugler von Babbenhausen. 

Theresa: This is, this is insane, because I know all of those names. 

Angie: Like, it’s just, all of the names separate makes sense. Together, it’s a salad. It is. And it’s just like, you know, 

Theresa: the longer your Starbucks order is, the more of an asshole you are. I feel like the same applies. 

Angie: I feel like you could be onto something, because despite the fact that they would have two daughters together, it seems that he would spend the rest of his days avoiding her, because he was never home. Now, he is, okay, so it’s, you know, it’s 1908, 1909, 1910, we’re kind of leading up to World War I, right? And he’s reading the room, and he notices there’s a lot of mistrust at the German border every time he crosses in from France, with his very French sounding last name, and it seems to be attracting a lot of suspicion. And he sees this, so I’m assuming like he’s going back and forth from his postings to the wife, but like I said, he spends a great deal of time not at home. So anyway, he sees this border crossing. There was trouble at the border. 

Speaker 5: They looked at me sideways, so I just went back to the post. 

Angie: Yeah, he sees this as signs of rising tension and this intending war, right? Like he’s pretty good at reading the room. And he’s right, because when World War I breaks out, Dwyer, he’s on his way to British Somaliland to take part in the hunt for Muhammad bin Amdula, the mission that he had applied for earlier, but ended up in India. So he goes to Somaliland, and he is with the Somaliland Camel Corps, which I didn’t know was a thing. 

Yeah, that sounds made up. Yeah, and he’s fighting against this dervish state that bin Amdula has going for him, and he is seriously injured. Again, he takes some gunfire to the arm and the face. The shot takes out his left eye and a section of his ear. For those counting at home, he’s officially been shot and wounded five times, and he’s not even officially on the front line of World War I yet. 

Theresa: This sounds like just, he’s in the dead pool. 

Angie: He is the dead pool. That said, his remarks on the battle that took his eye, well, it had been the most exhilarating fun. He would receive the DSO and a glass eye for his efforts here. 

Theresa: I’d want my glass eye on a pillow given me by the king. Thank you. 

Angie: Thank you. The BBC says of his recovery of that particular wound that he, quote, returned to England to recover in a nursing home in Park Lane. He was to return to this same place on each subsequent occasion he was injured. This became such a regular occurrence that they kept his own pajamas ready for his next visit. He was a frequent flier. 

Theresa: That’s what they called it in the hospital. 

Angie: I think this is hilarious. So he goes, he heals up, right? He’s done convalescing. He goes, I think, to London, and I love this part so much. He hopes that he can be reassigned to the western front, and so he’s like, he’s like at the war office. And they’re like, okay, yeah, but you have to wear the glass eye because he’s been given this glass eye. Like all the time, it’s part of your clearance, your medical clearance to go. And he’s like, cool, cool, cool, let’s go with it. 

Let’s do it. And they’re like, great, you can go to the western front. So he gets what he wants, leaves the office, hails a cab, and moments later, he throws a glass eye out the window and dawns his black eye patch never to wear the glass eye. Again, the eye patch would be iconic for this span. 

Okay. In 1915, he makes it to the western front in time for the Second Battle of Yeeps. During this battle, the German army, they’re launching this massive like, brage of artillery. And our guy happens to like, catch it with his left hand, and it’s subsequently shattered. He’s got like two dangling fingers, just like hanging out. And for whatever reason, the doctor refuses to amputate them. So he just- Wait a minute, wait a minute. He rips them off himself. 

Theresa: So most people would say, his hand is blown up by a mortar. And you decided to say, he caught it like it was a baseball at the Yankees game? 

Angie: I’m just saying, his hand was in the way, shrapnel, his wristwatch explodes, a whole thing happens. So how else do you picture this happening other than him just catching this barrage? 

Okay. Right? Like he gets long story short, his hand gets shattered in this artillery rush. Two fingers are dangling off. The doctor for whatever reason just can’t, he is not okay with amputating the fingers. So he just rips them off himself. 

Theresa: Yeah, this man’s deadpool. You’re not gonna convince me. He has Brian Reynolds voice. 

Angie: All of his voice, right? Now later that year, a proper surgeon would actually amputate the entire hand. So he has got an eye patch and no left hand. But that doesn’t stop him because during the battle of the Somme, he has said to have been pulling pins from Gnades with his teeth. 

Theresa: I’m surprised he didn’t take his shoes off and use his toesies. 

Angie: I mean, he would receive the Victoria Cross for his actions. So what I understand of this event is that there are three battalions and he notices that at least two of them, possibly all three of them I think, are a lack of a senior officer. 

They’ve all died. And so he decides like I’m next, I’ve been promoted. Battlefield self-promotion. 

Right. And so he just takes command of all three battalions and then proceeds to himself recognizing that sending a messenger to keep like information flowing is going to be too dangerous. He just does it himself despite the circumstances. So he plays a messenger himself. 

He plays messenger and commander himself. So he is keeping all three groups, maintaining their lines and their morale despite the dire circumstances they were under because this is the battle. So his citation reads, for most conspicuous bravery, coolness and determination during severe operations of a prolonged nature, it was owing in a great measure to his dauntless courage and inspiring example that a serious reverse was averted. He displayed the utmost energy and courage in forcing our attack home. After three other battalion commanders had become casualties, he controlled their commands and ensured that the ground was maintained at all costs. He frequently exposed himself in the organization of positions and of supplies passing unflinchingly to fire brage of the most intense nature. 

His gallantry was inspiring to all. He would go on to fight three more battles following this one of World War I. In one of them, in the trenches of the Zill Woods, also called the Devil’s Woods, he was shot in the head. It was like a clean shot right through his skull right at the back of the head. 

Speaker 5: So he’s been engaged himself with a gun? 

Angie: Just, the, it, biographs has the best quote about this. It says, if he had to die, this was the right occasion to do so, except he didn’t. Because Duarte could give a note not a daunt because Duarte could not give a damn about being dead. So he just survived and got on. Wow. 

Right? Additionally, he would be shot in the ankle, the hip, the leg and the ear at the other battles. And he would always return to his room at the recovery center in England. For those counting, who has his voodoo doll? I don’t know, but for those counting, that is 11 times. He has been seriously wounded and 11 times he has returned to the front line. 

Theresa: Don’t let him near a metal detector or an MRI machine. 

Angie: Honestly, God. So after World War I, he would spend some time in Poland as the Polish gentleman. He is the second in command of the British Polish military mission. So basically he’s serving as like an advisor to Poland during these interwar years, which you’d think might be peaceful, but in fact, were not. 

Our guy in Poland would find action during wars with Soviet Russia, Czechoslovakia, Ukraine and Lithuania. He, like where there was a battle, he was going to be there. He had FOMO, he was not gonna mess it. 

Theresa: I don’t feel like he had FOMO. I feel like this man was a chaos magnet. 

Angie: Honestly, God, I think you’re 100% right. Dwight makes himself like super indispensable to the field marshals, Joseph Pudenski, and he never stops with his BS. In fact, in one year alone, the year of 1919, he survived not one, but two plane crashes. The second one were resulting in an unwanted fate with the Lithuadians as a prison guest. 

Theresa: I feel like he is why we have the myth of the werewolf. 

Angie: Possibly. After he was released, he redoubled his efforts to support the Polish military, and this is includes, but is not limited to organizing a gun smuggling operation via Hungary, because why not? As the war with Russia starts to intensify in 1920, he gets even closer to the front line, and on one occasion, the train that he was on was attacked by a group of Cossack cavalry. Their whole goal is to hijack the train, but our guy, never one to be outdone, single-handedly, quite literally, attacks the attackers with his revolver. At one point during this skirmish, he falls off the moving train, but quickly jumps back on and continues to fight until the Cossacks are done and the train could escape. Like Chuck Norris, I think, is based off this guy, 

Theresa: I’ve seen Bond films with that move. Right? 

Angie: But he’s not done, because World War II was on the horizon, and when it began, he continued with his service. He led a campaign in Norway. In fact, on the way there, he was on a sea plane that was forced to crash land onto a fjord, thanks to the German air to the Lufwaffe. Instead of getting into the rubber dinghy to reach the shore where he thought, surely they’d just be sitting ducks, he decided that he would wait amid the wreckage of his sea plane until the German plane ran out of ammo and left. If that’s the move, that gives me, makes me laugh so hard. 

Like, I just see this upper-clash British man just waiting patiently in his chair, perhaps, sitting some tea, you know, that’s the image I’ve got. He was also stationed in Northern Ireland with the 61st Division. In 41, he was on his way to Yugoslavia, but his plane was shot down over the Mediterranean. He was decided to just simply swim ashore and was taken prisoner by the Italians. 

So that’s four plane crashes for the record in case you’re keeping a tally. At this point, our guy is 60 years old, but that doesn’t stop him from trying to escape. He and three other prisoners, they’re committed to escaping. 

Our guy alone would try five times. Now, these three other prisoners and him, eventually they escape through a tunnel that they dug for about seven months. He spends 18 days disguised as an Italian peasant before he’s recaptured and taken to Rome, but like, let’s think about this for a second. He can’t really be disguised as an Italian peasant. No. He kinda stands out a little bit. 

Theresa: Like, Virginia Hall filed her teeth down to play the role of a French peasant. I have a feeling our man, even British teeth, as they might be, is gonna have a rough go here. Yeah, well, for one, please. 

Angie: Yeah, not really speaking Italian, the eyepatch, the missing hand, he kind of has a certain certain to him, you know? Genesequa. Yeah, exactly. So he’s recaptured and he’s taken to Rome. He’s eventually taken to Lisbon where his release is negotiated. I forgot to mention this earlier, but the three other gentlemen that escaped with him are Richard O’Carter, Thomas Ranferly, and Philip Neem. They’re his accomplices. Did they face the great escape off of this? I wondered the same thing. 

I was actually thinking about Googling it before I got on, but I ran out of time, because it really sounds like it. Now, Mr. Churchill himself would send him to China to act as the government’s military representative to General Shanghai Chek. He would serve in his position until 1946. And then in 47, he officially retires with the honorary rank of Lieutenant General, and he and his second wife, his previous wife, she passes. 

Theresa: He and his second wife. So he at least marries mortals. 

Angie: Yeah, at least one mortal anyway. He and his second wife settle in County Cork, Ireland, where he writes his memoir, which I cannot wait to get my hands on, called Happy Odyssey, The Memoirs of Lieutenant General, excuse me, The Memoirs of Lieutenant General, Sir Adrian Carton Dwyerd, that was forwarded by Churchill. Funny enough, the book never once mentions his Victoria Cross, which now sits at the National Art Museum in Chelsea. Like this guy was just in it for fun. Like he’s just looking for a good time. 

Theresa: You know, how many absolute heroes have we covered that just mumps the word about the highest honor they’ve received? 

Angie: Exactly. And because death couldn’t get him any other way, he dies peacefully of natural causes at home, aged 83 in June of 1963. Because honestly, God, I think if he was awake, death would have ran. I would like to end on this description from the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, quote, with his black eye patch and his empty sleeve, Carton Dwyerd looked like an elegant pirate and became a figure of legend. Damn. I would also like to say that I don’t know if it’s the exact date last year, but I told you the story of a Magick Churchill. Yeah, I know. I’m gonna start my year off with one crazy commando after another. I think that’s just how I work. 

Theresa: You do commandoes, I do spies. 

Angie: Yeah, here we are. We have a thing. So, oh, do you wanna see it? Two pictures of him? I do. Of course you do. Let me get back up there. He’s fabulous. Okay, so this is right around the end of the second war, it would be my guess. 

Theresa: Okay, she is showing me a man that is the picture of the British aristocracy. He is in a uniform. He has one hand on his hip, kind of like he’s posing at a JC Penney portrait, but he has a very stern face, full stash, like this is the Sam Elliott, and profound ears. They stick to the side of his head, but they appear, Elton, in their pointed nature. Yeah, I thought that too. 

Angie: So there’s that one. This is probably the favorite one. 

Theresa: Okay, now we see him later in life. He has kind of a look of disgust, a slight sneer with his left nostril pulling his mustache up, right underneath his eye patch, hat cocked to the same side. 

Angie: I do believe he always wore his hat like that. Okay, and he’s also wearing an ascot because of course he is. Of course he is. What this picture doesn’t show is by this point he is missing a hand, so allow me to show you these photos. 

Theresa: All right, so there is a painting of him. He is looking at the camera. The mustache has started to fill out a bit more as well as his eyebrow has climbed up in a sassy arc. And the eye patch does make him a little bit more pirate-like. And he has his one hand over the missing one. And then the second one, you don’t notice that his hand is missing because he is draped over an outdoor chair. Is he slinging? Yeah, it’s just, jacket is not pinned to, like the sleeve is not pinned to his side. It’s just on the edge of the chair, so you ignore it. And he is just playing with a pipe and he is full military regalia. 

Angie: Yep, living his best old man life. So for the count, he was majorly wounded 11 times and survived five plane crashes. Yeah, I, so yeah, Deadpool, is that you? 

Theresa: You know, at some point other people would have asked, am I cursed? You would, right? 

Angie: Yeah, you would think. He was just, no, he was here for a good time. He was here for a good time, yeah, but that’s my guy. I’ve never heard his name. I can’t remember how I came across him. 

It might have been Ian, but when I read that he had been, eye patch, no hand and still at the war office, can you put me in, coach? I was like, this is my kind of guy. Let’s see what he’s up to. And the best part is, the best part is, if you look him up on Wikipedia, this is at least what I consider the best part. If you look him up on Wikipedia at the very bottom of the page, it gives like other, like other stories that might be interesting. The only one that pops up is Mad Jack Churchill. And then I had a whole day. I was like, oh, that’s my guy. 

Theresa: If you like this unhinged bastard, wait till you hear about Mad Jack. 

Angie: Yeah, it was exactly, exactly where my mind went it was like, oh, so they are two fellows of the same, two peas in a pod, if you will. You know, okay. 

Theresa: So they’ll accept him, battle hardened and bledded and missing pieces, but they won’t allow Virginia Hall to go back in. 

Angie: I, yeah, I think it’s funny that you say that because Owen and I were talking about him today. I think the high command must have just took one look at him, looked at each other and said, well, are you gonna tell him no? Yeah, maybe this will be the final time. Maybe, maybe, maybe they’ll finally get him. 

Angie: You know, but I think death is our problem. 

Angie: Right, I think death itself was like, if he’s awake when I come, I don’t have a chance. 

Theresa: You know, we had that quote about somebody recently and I can’t remember who it was. I know I’ve heard that, read that and I can’t recall. 

Angie: I do remember us saying that. Yeah, and that’s gonna drive me nuts. 

Theresa: Okay, well, let’s have a look at this. If that’s gonna drive you nuts, then rate, review, subscribe, send that to somebody else who might actually know the answer to that riddle. And on that note, goodbye. Goodbye. 

Theresa: Goodbye.